Mario Salieri Copertine Film

the day light again.

Concert Review: Charly Garcia at the Movistar Arena, October 2, 2009

effect in Chile Say No More is altered over the years: what was a few years ago a taste of a few who were believing in their new jobs, Today children as young as 8 years enjoy their creations. This night became light, the same Charly García, 1985 appears to have gone on tour for 20 years and return to do what he does best: music, and good.

20 minutes of delay were sufficient to refine details of the best concert he has delivered the music from their classic shows of the '80s or the way through the Chile Stadium in '93. The latter concert is the closest thing to what you saw tonight, with a bit more concentration. It was music that spoke for itself: a bunch of 31 songs, a selection of the best rock solo repertoire Argentina, with a strong start with "The Love Waits", connecting older singles like "Close to the revolution," "Strange new hairstyles," We are hitting bottom "and" Your vice "with other notable moments of his discography as I'm not a stranger, "" Rap of exile, "" Do not you dare to take off "and" Adela in the Carrousel. " Two culminating moments of the show are the most intimate moments, where the musician connects with its audiences with lyrics that in their own words were "inc ...". One is "Song of 2X3" where the lights stop solo Charly, and intimacy is closed with a zip Seru Giran: "Crying in the mirror, where the applause rained down from the start.

We can be favored in Chile with an alternative closure to the first information about the tour in Peru. After brief encore with "No Touch" people insisted, goofs and shouts went up. Suddenly, a little unnoticed Fabian "Zorrito" Quinteros, is isntaló on their keyboards and pressed the play for the sequence of "collective unconscious" to which Charles came forward to dedicate to his friend passing through sad moments, Mercedes Sosa. They left, but the public was not satisfied. The cries persisted and managed to bring back the band for Say No More Charly last issue devoted to Pinochet: the dinosaurs.

There were no tantrums, no disconnections, words more, sound problems, or changes consistent sound on the keyboard. There was only a very concentrated Charly who danced, sang, told some funny words to the public, he forgot a couple of times points (where the chorus Hilda Lazarazu strongly supported it) and I was happy, as in his best days of the eighties.

Another blog m? S about music, but with touches both personal and official. With enough information? N, news, stories, music, video, information, use, audio, music, music, etc ... Of publication? N weekly this blog is basically aims to inform people who want to be aware of what happens in the world (and buttonhole? in circuits m? s near Chileno) of the m? music of transmission? n mediatica (ie, popular, although it could be? say that 99% of music is communicable? n mediatica .) Access to this page and keep track of what I will be reporting until this small tool to become something more? S great.

What Kind Of Hair Does Myammee's Hair

happiness returns, OLD! Los Fabulosos Cadillacs depleting

For some it was the owner of the first big rock concert that took place in the eighties. It was 1984, the night was dead thanks to the curfew, and the music scene did not go beyond the folk clubs sailed smelling wine.
An Argentine in those days, filled with 5 consecutive the, by then, modern Cinema Grand Palace, with a strange album called "Modern Hits" and an audience that attended mostly with the intention to listen to these rare tracks from an old group called Sui Generis (what little is known your bill in our country). Today that boy mustache bicolor has returned with the same clarity that many were lost in the hundreds of scandals that many paid more attention as new releases of the musician.

More info ... and new theme. click here

Another blog m? s about music, but with a touch of personal and official. With enough information? N, news, stories, music, video clips, information, use, audio, music, music, etc ... Of publication? N weekly this blog is basically aims to inform people who want to be aware of what is happening in the world (and buttonhole? In circuits m? S near Chileno) of the m? Music of transmission? No media (ie, popular, although it could be? say that 99% of music is communicable? n mediatica). Access to this page and keep track of what I will be reporting until this small tool to become something more? S great.

Volunteer Confirmation

entries and add new date

The highly anticipated reunion tour of the band Los Fabulosos Cadillacs Argentina already have three dates confirmed, and some sold out Coquimbo. This is a small sample of the success that the tour is expected to be "Satanic Pop Tour," which will walk by Chile during the 10th and 14th September in our country.



While in Coquimbo, whose concert is scheduled for Monday 14 September at the new Estadio Francisco Sánchez Rumoroso, has already spent a couple of places in the exclusive Boxes, has been selling fast for entries.

Moreover, in Concepcion was set the first date of the tour for Thursday 10 September at 21hrs at the Municipal Stadium, whose entries have already been put on sale and are between $ 10,000 and $ 30,000.

The next day, the encounter with fans of Santiago, whose stage show has not yet confirmed.

The Cadillacs playing for you

In Region IV, and there are signs of fanaticism that once filled the Estadio La Portada in the last (and surprising) turn of the Cadillacs in 2001. It is a matter of looking statements Facebooks and some nicks and MSN to see how the songs are distributed in computers, from the greatest hits such as "Matador" and "Mal bicho", to more hidden as "Dub" or the cover of "Strawberry Fields Forever" that united voice Vicentico with the leader of Blondie, Deborah Harry in 1995.

Prices of tickets to Coquimbo are:

Gallery High: $ 6,600
Court General: $ 9,900
Andes Alto: $ 12,100
Andes Under $ 16,500
Cancha Vip: $ 22,000
Prime Numbered: $ 38,000
Palco: $ 49,500

The tour that brings them back to Chile (and together, since 2001) not be the last for sure, as some people out there. Come with a new album under his arm, "The art of elegance" , CD + DVD including new songs, a cover of Curtis Mayfield classic "Move on up" and new versions for "The Young Sound America " and "Contrabando de amor." The album will be released in the coming weeks and is the second production published by the band in this amendment, after " La Luz del Ritmo " (2008), an album that prepared them for the new tour, with new themes and reversals of classics and covers.

Want to see how they are playing? Check the following video, recorded just weeks ago: Live from Mexico, "I would not sit at your table" with Andres Calamaro . [Media id = 184 width = 550 height = 360]

Another blog m? s about music, but with a touch of personal and official. With enough information? N, news stories, music, video, information, use, audio, music, music, etc ... Of publication? N weekly this blog is basically aims to inform people who want to be aware of what is happening in the world (and buttonhole? In circuits m? S near Chileno) of the m? Music of transmission? No media (ie, popular, although it could be? say that 99% of music is communicable? n mediatica). Access to this page and keep track of what I will be reporting until this small tool to become something more? S great.

How Soon After Tattoo Can You Wax

Listen "You should know why", the new de Charly García

The cassette is attached to the "National Chain of Rock" who joined Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Ecuador, Peru and Spain among other countries for the transfer of the new issue of Charly García. "You should know why" is his name, while billed as the new theme "post-treatment" of the musician, its origin dates back to February 2008 when it was shown in some shows the musician, but after the months Dharma Clinic (nothing to do with "Lost" eye) went through some changes when the musician himself sang it again and again, both a capella and accompanied by a small keyboard, as they told some inmates who were familiar with the matter under the name "Che."

The new song is not the advancement of a new album for now. Only part of the return of Garcia to the stage, which will lead to next September with a tour that will include, among others, Chile, with a date scheduled for Saturday, 26, and a grand finale at the Estadio Velez on the day of birthday on October 23.

Listen to this new song here

Another blog m? S about music, but with touches both personal and official. With enough information? N, news, stories, music, video clips, information, use, audio, music, music, etc ... Of publication? N weekly this blog is basically aims to inform people who want to be aware of what is happening in the world (and buttonhole? In circuits m? S near Chileno) of the m? Music of transmission? No media (ie, popular, although it could be? say that 99% of music is communicable? n mediatica). Access to this page and keep track of what I will be reporting until this small tool to become something more? S great.

Denise Milani Boot Camp

The Anti-Global Dance Tio Lucho


"I want a shirt in every color!" screams a tourist Argentina who also highlights the striking attire of the band. How can such atypical group called Uncle Lucho, the most common name in the country? The key is in delivering on stage especially. "I think we always have a strong degree of emotion is good in life, wears a lot, but rewards you makes you a more complete" account Fernando Arredondo aka Enfer, in charge of the voices of Uncle Lucho, banda that complete Smurf (Christopher Rawlins) and Rat (Francisco Matta). Continued

text, visit Vendetta.cl

Another blog m? S on music, but with a touch of personal and official. With enough information? N, news, stories, music, video, information, use, audio, music, music, etc ... Of publication? N weekly this blog is basically aims to inform people who want to be aware of what is happening in the world (and buttonhole? In circuits m? S near Chileno) of the m? Music of transmission? No media (ie, popular, although it could be? say that 99% of music is communicable? n mediatica). Access to this page and keep track of what I will be reporting until this small tool to become something more? S great.

Wiring Diagram For Sensor Outside Light

Confirmed: Charly Garcia back in tune with new times


Confirmed:
Radio and Rock & Pop Concert in Chile broadcast at 11 am next Friday 07 August the new song of Charly García, the first in six years without editing anything unpublished, after years of darkness, relapse, excess, poor decisions and the entire set of events leading to the old musician and band leader emblematic Sui Generis and Seru Giran to change their approach, look to yourself and change for the sake of your health of their loved ones, and his work eventually.

The new theme is named "You should know why" and is the first advance a record he hopes to see the light soon, which would be all the songs written by Garcia since late last year between the clinics and the home of Palito Ortega , which hosts several months to continue treatment.
concerts and shaped, and expected a prompt confirmation of the short tour that would take him to Peru, Ecuador and Chile . Here we would see possibly the Sept. 25, in a scenario of more than 10,000 people, which is thought to be the Movistar Arena or Bicentennial Stadium Florida. Producer Fenix \u200b\u200b Entertainment is ensuring that these days, so start to pool their dollars. I will wait for the Winter Bonovox to invest in what should not miss it for anything.
If you lose the new theme will be here on Friday, do not worry.

Another blog m? S about music, but with touches both personal and official. With enough information? N, news, stories, music, video, information, use, audio, music, music, etc ... Of publication? N weekly this blog is basically aims to inform people who want to be aware of what is happening in the world (and buttonhole? In circuits m? S near Chileno) of the m? Music of transmission? No media (ie, popular, although it could be? say that 99% of music is communicable? n mediatica). Access to this page and keep track of what I will be reporting until this small tool to become something more? S great.

Hypoglycemia,pregnancy Causes

IMPORTANCE OF WATER .- Life as we know it depends on water, which is the most abundant substance in the tissues of plants and animals, as well as most of the land surface.

exceptional properties of water have great effect on the nature of our environment. Its high specific heat helps prevent large temperature fluctuations in the Earth's surface. The water masses of the oceans and lakes absorb heat from the sun during the day and release it into the atmosphere during the night without experiencing a significant temperature change. The lunar surface has a specific heat which is the fifth of the water and thus subjected to variations in temperature between 120 ° C and -150 ° C.

The fact that water expands when it freezes beneficial and harmful effects. It damages the tissues of animals and plants and causing cells to rupture. The same process causes the breakdown of rock materials to produce fertile soil.

The lower density of solid water (ice) compared to that of liquid water leads to the ice to float and thereby prevents the water from the seas and lakes freeze completely and the disastrous consequences this would imply.

water properties change markedly when substances dissolve in it and these can be mixed with water naturally, as with the dissolved salts in seawater, and others that are introduced as a result of human activities, many times these impurities have a negative effect on water bodies and ways of life that need them.

Water is the main component of living matter. Constitutes 50 to 90% of the mass of living organisms. The protoplasm, which is the basic material of living cells in a solution consisting of fats, carbohydrates, proteins, salts and other similar chemicals in water. Water acts as a solvent carrying, combining, and chemically breaking down these substances. The blood of animals and plant sap contains a large amount of water, used to transport food and waste material disposal.

Water plays an important role en la descomposición metabólica de moléculas tan esenciales como las proteínas y los carbohidratos. Este proceso, llamado hidrólisis, se produce continuamente en las células vivas.

ESTRUCTURA MOLECULAR DEL AGUA .- Las propiedades físicas de las sustancias puras dependen de dos factores:

1. De la naturaleza de sus unidades estructurales (átomos, iones o moléculas).
2. De la intensidad de las fuerzas (interatómicas, interiónicas o intermoleculares) que existen entre sus unidades estructurales.
   

Para poder entender las propiedades del agua tenemos que conocer primero su estructura molecular.

Water is a molecular compound as its structural unit is the molecule of water formed by an oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms by polar covalent bonds, which determines an unequal distribution of electric charge between atoms oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen-hydrogen bonds formed between an angle of 104.5 degrees or so.

The fact that the atom in water are linked by covalent bond polar and angular structure of it determined that its molecules are polar, ie they present a slightly positive pole and the other slightly negative.

The polar nature of the molecules gives rise to the existence of attractive forces between them and the establishment of hydrogen bond links between them. This force of attraction must add it to the force of attraction due to its mass.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER .- Among others are:

1. FITNESS .- Water in its natural state is liquid. If the forces of attraction between molecules depend only on their molecular masses (18 amu) the water should be in a gaseous state that would render life on earth as we know. The polarity of molecules significantly increases the force of attraction between them determine your fitness is liquid.
2. .- BOILING POINT 100 ° C. It This is abnormally high in relation to their molecular weight, however, due to the polarity of the molecules and consequent greater force of attraction between them, the boiling point is understandable.
3. DENSITY .- It is 1 g / cc, ie about one cubic centimeter of water weighs one gram.
4. .- OR SPECIFIC HEAT heat capacity of water is 1cal / g ° C, this means that to raise the temperature one gram of water one degree centigrade have to apply one calorie of energy. Its heat capacity is greater than any other liquid.
5. SOLVENT POWER .- Water is an excellent solvent so much so that it is known as the universal solvent. Since its molecules are polar, water is a polar solvent and therefore only dissolves polar substances.
6. WATER IONIZATION .- The water to be a molecular compound ionizes very little if we take one liter of ionized water only 10 -7 moles of the same (10 -7 mol / l) . Ionization occurs as suggested later.
   H 2 O -----> H + + OH-
7. .- Electrical conductivity of pure water is poor conductor of electrical current due to the small amount of free ions it contains. The electrical conductivity of water can be increased by dissolving in it any substance which increases the amount of free ions.
8. SOLIDIFICATION WATER .- When water becomes solid increases in volume due to the linear association of molecules of liquid water due to hydrogen bond links is modified resulting in another type of association leaves many gaps between the molecules, hence its mayor volumen. Esta forma de comportamiento determina que la densidad del agua sólida sea menor que la del agua líquida (aproximadamente 0,9g/cc), por esta razón el hielo flota.
9. ESTABILIDAD QUÍMICA DEL AGUA .- El agua es un compuesto que en estado líquido es muy estable debido a la gran estabilidad de los enlaces hidrógeno oxígeno. No se descompone fácilmente por acción del aumento de temperatura: a los 2 500°C solo se descompone el 2% de sus moléculas.

PROPIEDADES QUÍMICAS DEL AGUA .- Entre ellas tenemos:

1. Reacciona con algunos óxidos ácidos oxyacids forming.
2. Reacts with some basic oxides to form hydroxides.
3. reacts with certain metals (alkali metals) forming hydroxides and releasing hydrogen.
4. The water reacts with nonmetals, especially with halogens, eg: red coal By passing the water breaks down and forms a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (water gas).
5. Some metals decompose cold water and others did at elevated temperature.
6. form complex combinations of water with some salts, which are called hydrates. In some cases hydrates lose water of crystallization changing appearance, and are said to efflorescence, as happens with cupric sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O), which when hydrated is blue, but water loss is transformed into cupric sulfate anhydrous white.
   

BUILDING LONG-TERM MEMORY (44 )

1. Consulting library books or the Internet, developed in your work file the following topics: * Lessons
   water: hard water, heavy water, distilled water.
   * Water supply .- Characteristics, clean water: stages.
2. Why water is a molecular compound?
3. Why water molecules are polar?
4. Why should the forces of attraction between molecules of water?
5. Why water is liquid?
6. If the forces of attraction between water molecules only their masses were due to its boiling point "would be higher or lower than 100 ° C? Why?
7. Suggest the meaning of the following expressions regarding the properties of water.
   D = 1g/cc; Ce = 1cal/goC; Degree of ionization = 10 -7 mol / l
8. What is the advantage of high specific heat of water?
9. What is the advantage of the less dense than water ice?
10. What is the benefit it gives us the fact that water increases in volume on freezing?
11. graphics with a sequence described as the water dissolves polar substance.
12. Why pure water is poor conductor of current and tap water good conductor of electricity?
13. cites 10 reasons why water is important.
    
    

Maybelline Peach Satin Swatch

CHEMICAL ARITHMETIC

INTRODUCTION TO THE CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS

The stoichiometry is a part of chemistry which studies the relationships between the masses and volumes substances involved in chemical reactions. This issue involves the development and troubleshooting. To solve these problems, we need to know some basic concepts and applications.

The purpose of this lesson is to understand these fundamental concepts are: atomic weight, gram-atom, molecular weight, mol, equivalent weight of an element and a compound.

ATOMIC WEIGHT OF A CHEMICAL ELEMENT .- (P.at.) Since the chemical elements are usually a mixture of isotopes, is that we must understand that all the atoms that constitute not have the same mass and therefore the same weight, but we all know that each chemical element corresponds to a particular atomic weight, which is nothing but the average weight of its isotopes taking into account the percentage of abundance in nature.

According to this idea the atomic weight of an element could be determined by the following formula, if known masses of each of its isotopes and the percentages of abundance of each:

However, in all periodic tables, which recorded the characteristics of the different chemical elements are the relative atomic weights of chemical elements that were established on the basis of comparison to a carbon isotope is carbon-12.

The relative atomic weight of an item can be defined as the weight of the element that is to compare it to the twelfth carbon-12 (C-12) which by convention is assigned weight 12.0000 amu (atomic mass units).

Each chemical element is characterized by a specific atomic weight. H = 1.008

.........................
Cl = 35.453 C = 12.011 ............. ........... Na = 22.9897 15.9994 .....................
O = S = 32.06 N
Fe = 14.0067 = 55.847 .....................

gram-atom .- (At-g) Knowing the relative atomic weights The items we can determine the weights of individual atoms in grams, but such a determination was possible when scientists discovered that a number of grams of each component equal to their atomic weights, there is always the same number of atoms (6.023 x 1023).

Gram atom can be defined as an amount of grams of an element capable of containing 6.023 x 1023 atoms of the same. In other words we can say that an atom-gram of an element is equal to its atomic weight expressed in grams.

Example: If the P.at.

H = 1.008 amu (hydrogen 1átomo weight)
then:
1-g at H = 1.008 g (6.023 weight x10 23 hydrogen atoms)

If P.at. C = 12.011 amu (mass of 1 carbon át.de)
then:
1 at-g C = 12.011 g (6.023 weight x10 23 carbon atoms)

PROBLEM .- What is the weight in grams of one atom of hydrogen?

We rounded the atomic weight of hydrogen is 1 amu, then an AT-g it weighs 1g, but we also know one gram of hydrogen contains 6.023 x 1023 atoms. Taking into account these ideas:

BUILDING LONG-TERM MEMORY (41)

1. Calculate the atomic weight of silicon isotopes knowing that form and percentages of abundance are: Si-28 = 92.27%, Si-29 = 4.68% and Si-30 = 3.05%. Rpta 28.107 .-
2. The atomic weight of carbon is 12.011, if it consists of two isotopes, one of which is the C-12 where the percentage of abundance is 98.9%. What is the mass of other isotope? Rpta .- 13
3. determine the atomic weight of chlorine knowing that consists of two isotopes whose abundance percentages are: Cl-35 = 75.4% and Cl-37 = 24.6%. 35.492 .- Rpta
4. How many grams of sulfur atoms are in 100 g of the substance? Rpta .- 3.12
5. How many grams are in 2.75 at-g of iron? Rpta 154g .-
6. What is the mass in grams of one atom of lead? Rpta .- 3.44 x 10-24g
7. gram How many atoms are in 5 x 1030 atoms of sodium? Rpta .- 8 x 107
8. Taking into account the density of Ni is 8.9 g / cc. Calculate the volume of an atom of that element. Rpta .- 1.09 x 10 -23 cc.
9. Calculate the number of grams of Fe atoms that are in the same block of 8 x 2.5 x 10 cm. The density of iron is 7.9 g / cc. Rpta .- 28.2 at-g
10. It has 6.56 x 1023 atoms of lead and knowing that its density is 11.3 g / cc. What is the volume occupied? Rpta .- 2cc.
11. An analysis shows that chlorophyll is 2.68% Mg. How many Mg atoms are in 5 g of chlorophyll? Rpta .- 3.31 x10 19
12. Which of the following amounts contains more atoms, 13.4 g of Fe, 0.22 g-at Fe or 1.566 x 1023 atoms ? Rpta 1.566 .- 23 x 10
    Note: Please note that responses are not correct problems and in some exponential numbers the exponent is not well written.

MOLECULAR WEIGHT .- (PM) As we have seen in a previous lesson, a molecule can be formed by one or more identical or different atoms bonded together by covalent bonds. If we know the atomic weights of its elements, we can determine the weight of the molecule by adding the weights of the constituent atoms.

However, not all compounds are molecular compounds that we know, there are other are ionic compounds and as such their structural unit is the molecule but the ion. In the case of these compounds can not speak of molecular weight, it comes to weight formula weight formula or minimum (PF) is calculated as the molecular weight.

MOL .- It is the SI unit of amount of chemical substance which is defined as the amount of substance that contains as many elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) As there are atoms in 12 , 0000g of C-12 (6.023 x 1023).

If we know the molecular weight or formula weight of a substance can determine how much it weighs a gram-molecule or mole of the same.

Example: H2SO4 PM

= 98UM = weight of 1 molecule of sulfuric acid.
then:
1 mol of H2SO4 = 98 g = weight of 6.023 x10 23 H2SO4 molecules

PM 44uma = CO2 = weight of 1 molecule of CO2
then:
1 mol of CO2 = 44 g = weight 6.022 x 10 23 molecules of CO2 .

One mole of any substance contains 6.023 x10 23 molecules or so.

BUILDING LONG-TERM MEMORY (42)

1. How many moles are in 250g H3PO4? Rpta .- 2.55
2. How many molecules are in 0.75 mol of HCl? Rpta .- 4.517 x10 23
3. What is the mass in grams of 2.007 x 1022 molecules of KMnO4? Rpta .- 5.264 g
4. What is the mass in grams of one molecule of oxygen? Rpta .- 5.313 x10 -23
5. How weigh 0.8 mol of H2SO4 Rpta .- 78.4 g
6. How many moles equivalent to 3 x 10 20 molecules Rpta .- 4.982 x 10 -2
7. We
   0.15 moles of P4 a) How many molecules of P4 is? b) How many P atoms are there? Rpta .- a) 9x1022, b) 3.6 x10 23.
8. How many gram of oxygen atoms are in 0.15 moles of Ba (NO3) 2? Rpta .- 0.90.
9. How many atoms of nitrogen are in 100g of ammonium phosphate (NH4) 3PO4? Rpta .- 1.2127 x10 24
10. How many atoms carbon are in 1.08 g of quinine, C20H24N2O2? Rpta .- 4.015 x10 22
11. A drop of water is approximately equal to 0.05 ml. The density of water at room temperature is approximately 1g/ml. How many molecules of H2O are in a drop of water? 21 .- 2x10 Rpta
    Note: Please note that responses are not correct problems and in some exponential numbers the exponent is not well written.
    

EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS .- Also called gram-equivalent, are the weights of chemicals are equivalent for the purposes of reaction. For example, a gram-equivalent of ferric iron (18.67 g) reacts completely with an equivalent grams of oxygen (8g) to form ferric oxide, in the same direction, a gram-equivalent of an acid reacts completely with a gram-equivalent of hydroxide, or a gram-equivalent of an oxidizing agent reacts completely with a gram-equivalent of a reducing agent.

know the equivalent weights of acids, bases, oxidizing and reducing us to facilitate the realization of many chemical calculations.

GRAM EQUIVALENT OF A CHEMICAL ELEMENT .- (Eq-g) is defined as the weight of the element capable of combining with oxygen 8g or able to move 1 g of hydrogen from its compounds.
gram equivalents of a compound (Eq-g) .- Here are the formulas that allow you to determine the weight of one gram-equivalent of hydroxide, acid salt, an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent.

Eq-g. A HYDROXIDE .- The weight of the hydroxide can consume one mole of positive hydrogen ions or protons (H +). You can find this:

Eq-g. AN ACID .- The weight of the acid capable of producing one mole of positive hydrogen ions or protons (H +). You can find this:

Eq-g. A SAL :

BUILDING LONG-TERM MEMORY (43)

1. The analysis of a sample of a compound shows that it contains 11.33 g and 4.87 g Fe O. What is the equivalent weight of Fe and valence corresponding to that item? Rpta .- 18.6 and 3.
2. What is the equivalent weight of the phosphorus in the P4H10? Rpta .- 6.20.
3. Determine how much they weigh 2.5 gram equivalents of FeCl3? Rpta .- 134.166.
4. How many grams of sulfuric acid equivalent exist in 70g of the substance? Rpta .- 1.428.
5. Where there is a greater amount of substance "in 0.9 gram equivalent of Ca (OH) 2 or 0.7 eq-g of HNO3? Rpta .- 0.7-g eq.
6. A sample of 4.025 g of a metal displaces H 0.2016 g of hydrochloric acid, if the metal valence is 2, what is the equivalent weight of metal and what is its atomic weight? Rpta .- 20.12 and 40.24.
7. In redox reactions the oxidizing agent potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7 becomes chromium chloride (III), CrCl3, determine how much it weighs one gram equivalent of potassium dichromate. Rpta .- 98g.
8. How weighing 2.5 gram equivalents of phosphoric acid, H3PO4? Rpta .- 32.66.
9. equivalents How many grams are in 250g of aluminum hydroxide, Al (OH) 3? Rpta .- 9.62.
10. What weight of Na2CO3 is needed to neutralize 4.98 g of HCl, knowing that the reaction is: Na2CO3 + 2 HCl ------- 2 NaCl + H2O + CO2. Rpta .- 7.11 g.
    

proposed project O

Find out how you can calculate the molecular dimensions experimentally or how you can determine about the Avogadro number (6.023 X1023 .) You must present the experiment with your peers.

Bearded Dragons Ear Labeled

WATER SOLUTIONS

One solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, whose relative proportions may vary within certain limits.

component of a .- The substances are components of a solution: 1 .-

SOLUTE .- It is the least abundant component of a solution. 2 .-
SOLVENT .- It is the most abundant component in the solution.

components of a solution can be found in any physical state.

When the solvent is water solution, the aqueous solution is called, if it is alcohol, alcoholic solution, etc.

When a molecular substance dissolved in water, the solute divided until individual molecules and molecular solution is called, which is characterized by poor conductor of electricity, but if an ionic compound dissolves in water, the solute divided to obtain positive and negative ions and ionic solution is called and is known for being a good conductor electricity.

CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION .- If a solution exists the amount of solute is small, says the solution is diluted and concentrated, when the amount of solute is large. When not be given temperature most solute disband resolution was says we are face a resolution if saturated also have excess solute asserts that settlement is supersaturated.

The term concentration of a solution we use, often to refer to the description of the composition of a solution, ie to express the amount of solute that exists in a given amount solution.

METHODS FOR EXPRESSING THE CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION .- To express the concentration of a solution we can use physical units and chemical units.

1 .- PHYSICAL UNITS .- Among others we have:

a) PARTS PER MILLION (ppm) .- Is the concentration and the number of milligrams of solute per liter of solution.

.- Example water containing 0.05 ppm of Pb +2 is considered unfit for human consumption. This solution contains 0.05 mg of Pb +2 per liter of water.

b) WT percentage .- O solutions are those in which the composition of a solution is expressed in terms of weight of solute per 100 parts by weight of solution.

Example .- A 15% solution by weight of sodium chloride has the following composition: 15 g sodium chloride in 100 g of solution.

LARO TERM MEMORY BUILDING (45)

1. How many grams of 15% solution of NaCl is needed to extract 38g of sodium chloride by evaporating the water? 253G .- Rpta
2. many grams of concentrated hydrochloric acid having a concentration of 37.9% HCl by weight are required to have 5g of pure HCl. Rpta .- 13.2 g
3. 250g need to be prepared solution of Na (OH) to 19.7% by weight. How many grams of Na (OH) and water are needed? Rpta .- 49.25 and 200.75 g
4. What is the percentage concentration of the solution containing 85g of H2SO4 in 500 g of solution? .- 16% Rpta
5. How much water should be diluted 40g of nitric acid to obtain a 5% by weight of the substance? 760g .- Rpta
6. Calculate the volume occupied by 100g of solution Na (OH) with a density of 1.20 g / cc. Rpta .- 83.3 ml.
7. Calculate the weight of pure hydrochloric acid which exists in 5ml of hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 37.23% of weight and density of 1.19 g / cc. Rpta .- 2.22 g
8. Calculate the volume of concentrated H2SO4, 98% by weight and density of 1.84 g / cc which contains 40g of pure acid. 22.17 .- cc Rpta
9. What volume of nitric acid, HNO3, diluted density 1.11 g / cc and 19% HNO3 by weight containing 10 g of the pure substance? Rpta .- 47ml.

2 .- CHEMICAL UNITS .- These include:

a) .- MOLAR (M) The molarity of a solution is determined by the number of moles (n) solute that exist in each liter of solution.

Example .- A solution of 2 Molar concentration (2M) has the following composition: 2 moles of solute in each liter of solution.

We all know that to determine the number of moles of solute existing in a certain number of grams of a substance you can use the following formula:

If we replace n in the formula (1) this expression yields the following formula allows us calculations of molar solutions.

BUILDING LONG-TERM MEMORY (46)

1. What is the molarity of the solution containing 250mg of CaCl2 in 1500ml of solution? Rpta .- 1.5 M
2. What weight hydroxide Calcium is required to prepare 2.5 liters of solution 1.2 mole of that substance? 222g .- Rpta
3. What weight of solute are in 800 ml of 0.5 molar solution of HNO3? Rpta .- 25.2 g
4. What is the molar concentration of the solution containing 10g of HCl in 50 ml of solution? 5.5 .- M Rpta
5. What volume of 0.75 M solution could be prepared with 500 g of Na2SO4? 4.61 Rpta .- l. 6 .- Find the molarity of the solution containing 196g of H2SO4 in 500 ml of solution. Rpta .- 4 mol / l
6. How many grams of potassium permanganate, KMnO4, is needed to prepare 500ml of solution 2 M of that substance? 158g .- Rpta
7. How many grams of NaCl are in 250 ml of 2.5 molar solution? 36.56g Rpta .-
8. What is the molarity of the solution that has 100 mg in 10 ml HNO3 solution? Rpta .- 0.12 M.
9. What is the molar concentration of the solution containing 12 mmol of HI in 100 ml of solution? 0.12 M Rpta .-
10. How many milliliters of HCl, whose concentration is 38% and a density of 1.19 g / ml, are required to prepare 2 liters of 0.3 molar solution?

b) NORMAL .- (N) The normality of a solution is determined by the number of gram equivalents of solute that exist in each liter of solution.

Example: If a solution has a concentration of 0.7 normal (0.7 N) has the following composition: Contains 0.7 eq-g of solute in each liter of solution.

all know that to determine The number of eq-g of solute existing in a certain number of grams of a substance you can use the following formula:

If we replace # Eq-g in the formula (2) by this expression, we obtain formula that allows us to perform calculations on standard solutions.

c) Molality .- (m) The molality of a solution is determined by the number of moles of solute that exists in every kilogram of solvent.

Example: If a solution is 2.5 molal concentration is that it has the following composition: It contains 2.5 moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

BUILDING LONG-TERM MEMORY (47)

1. normal concentration What is the solution that contains 10.5 g of H2SO4 in 1.5 liters of solution? Rpta .- 0.14 N
2. A solution containing 50 mg of FeCl3 in 0.5 liters of solution. What is your normal? Rpta .- 0.0015 N
3. Find the normal concentration of the solution containing 450g of NaOH in 2 liters of solution. Rpta .- 5.6 N
4. How many grams of Ca (OH) 2 must be added to water to make 3 liters of 0.1 N? Rpta .- 11.1 g
5. Calculate the number of gram equivalents of Na2CO3 to be dissolved to prepare 250 ml of solution 0.08 N. Rpta .- 0.02 eq-g
6. How many cm3 of H2SO4, 96% purity and a density of 1.8 g / cc, is required to prepare 400 ml of 0.1 N? Rpta .-
7. What is the normality of the solution of H2SO4 to 98% by weight with a density of 1.8 g / cc? Rpta .-
8. We prepare
   17.31 ml of 0.692 N for utiulizarla KMnO4 in a reaction which passes MnO4-Mn2 +. How many grams of KMnO4 are required? Rpta .- 0.379 g.

dilute solution .- Sometimes, in the laboratory, diluted solutions of known concentration with a number, also known, distilled water or mixed solutions of known concentration, need to know the concentration of the resulting solution. Below we present, by problems solved, how to perform these calculations using the following formulas. Formulas

calculations on the dissolution of solutions

Formula for calculations on mixing solutions of known concentration

BUILDING LONG-TERM MEMORY (48)

1. Calculate the volume of water to be added to 250 ml of 1.25 N to make 0.5 N Rpta .- 375 ml.
2. What volumes of 12N HCl and 3 N should be mixed to give 1 liter of HCl 6N? Rpta .- 1 / 3 L 12N, 2 / 3 L 3N
3. What volume of water should be added to 400 g of 80% ethyl alcohol to decrease to 20%? Rpta .- 1200g.
4. 150ml There is a 0.3 M solution of sulfuric acid, if you add 20ml of water, what is the molarity of the new solution? Rpta .- 0.27 mol / L
   

Kates Playground Hardcpre

pH of acidic and basic solutions

At this stage of development of our course, we all know that the acidity of the acids is due to the positive hydrogen ions or protons and the basicity or alkalinity of hydroxides is due to hydroxide ions. In this section, we will learn to express the acidity or alkalinity of the solutions or different ways, in terms of the proton concentration that exists in them, but to achieve this end we must, above, to clarify our ideas about acids and bases.

THEORIES ACIDS AND BASES .- Among them are the following two.

Arrhenius theory .- states that an acid is any substance in solution is capable of yielding positive hydrogen ions or protons (H +) and bases is any substance in solution water is able to give hydroxide ions (OH-), as suggested in the following examples:

Brønsted-Lowry Theory .- It states:

a) ACID .- Any molecule or ion capable yield positive hydrogen ions or protons (H +) in aqueous solution.

now know that protons that protons can not exist in free state, but rarely are immediately combined with a water molecule forming a hydronium ion.

From the above it follows that the hydronium ion is the predominant ionic species in acidic solutions, but for reasons practical is often said that in an acidic environment dominated by positive hydrogen ions or protons

b) BASE .- Any molecule or ion capable of accepting positive hydrogen ions or protons.

From observation of the last equation we can deduce that the substances in the hydroxide ion present structure are fundamental in nature.

ELECTROLYTES AND WEAKNESSES .- Recall that all acids, hydroxides and salts, when dissolved in water partially or completely dissociate into ions, which is why they are called electrolytes.

An electrolyte that dissociates wholly or almost wholly on strong electrolyte ions are called, but few molecules dissociate into ions below 5%, are called weak electrolytes.

strong electrolytes are: HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4, H2SO4, NaCl, LiOH, NaOH, RbOH, CsOH, Mg (OH) 2, Ca (OH) 2, Sr (OH) 2, Ba (OH) 2, etc.

are weak electrolytes: H2S, H3PO4, HF, H3BO3, H2SO3, HNO2, H2CO3, HClO, HCN, NH3, etc..

acids and bases that have a high degree of ionization are strong acids or bases, while those with low degree of ionization are weak acids or bases.

Ionic product of water (kW) .- It has been shown experimentally that very little water is ionized, as suggested below:

liter of water in a 10-7 moles dissociate water and there therefore 10-7 moles of protons and 10-7 moles of hydroxide ions.

The ionic product of water (Kw) is a constant that results from theoretically multiply the proton concentration [H +] and hydroxide ion concentration [OH-] that exist in a liter of water.

acid solution, basic and neutral .- If we add acid to water, increase the concentration protons, H +, above 10-7 mol / L, but as the ionic product of water is a constant and should remain as such, the concentration of hydroxide ions, OH-, must decrease.

It follows that a solution is acidic if the concentration of protons is greater than 10-7 mol / L.

Given the above reasoning, we must conclude the following:

CONCEPT .- pH pH is a way of expressing the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a medium, using simple whole numbers 1 to 14.

These are calculated valortes the negative logarithm of the concentration of positive hydrogen ions or protons that success in a particular environment.

In correspondence with the above, the pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of protons that exist in a medium or as the decimal logarithm of the reciprocal of the concentration of protons.

IMPORTANCE OF pH .- From a biological standpoint, the pH is very important because living organisms must remain more or less constant due to the existence of adequate regulatory mechanisms. Any significant variation of it is incompatible with life. The pH of blood is approximately 7.

The land usually has a pH of between 5 and 7. We must stress that each plant species requires a specific pH for normal development, hence the great importance of studying the pH of soils in agricultural activities.

or buffer BUFFER SOLUTIONS .- Mixtures of weak acids and their salts, or mixture of weak bases and their salts, are called buffer solutions or buffer because they resist changes in hydrogen ion concentration positive or protons (H +) produced by the addition of small amounts of acids or bases.

The following are some cushions important

Blood is an important example of buffer in which the acid and the ion damping action exerted are carbonic acid, H2CO3, and bicarbonate or hydrogen carbonate ion, HCO3-. When you receive a hydrogen ion excess blood, eliminated almost entirely by the reaction:

And when there is an excess of hydroxide ion, it is absorbed by the reaction:

By this mechanism, the pH human blood is kept close to 7.35, ie slightly alkaline. If blood pH is less than 7.35 the condition is called acidosis, and if it rises above of 7.45 will have a condition called alkalosis. If the elevation is above 7.8 or below 6.8 (due to a defective breathing, starvation, renal failure or some other disease) the person can suffer irreversible brain damage or even death.